No moderators were significant or allowed a decrease in heterogeneity. The mean (and 95% prediction interval) total costs per calf with FPT were estimated to be 60 (10109) and 80 (20139) for dairy and beef, respectively. As a result of the double-step stochastic method, the proposed economic estimation constitutes the 1st estimate AZ-33 available for FPT. The results are offered in a way that facilitates their use in the field and, with limited effort, combines the cost of each contributor to increase the applicability of the economic assessment to the situations farm-advisors may face. The present economic estimates will also be an important tool to evaluate the profitability of actions that aim to improve colostrum intake and FPT prevention. == Intro == The failure of the neonatal calf to absorb adequate colostral immunoglobulins (Ig) within the 1st hours of existence results in failure of passive transfer (FPT). FPT prospects to an increased risk of mortality and decreased health and longevity. Depending on how FPT and livestock systems are defined, the prevalence of FPT is definitely reported to reach 20 to 40% of newborn calves [1,2]. Mortality linked to FPT has been reported as ranging from 8 to 25%. Ensuring that calves drink plenty of colostrum within a few hours of birth is definitely a powerful way to reduce FPT and its connected disorders. The minimal quantity of Ig the calf needs to absorb to prevent FPT is definitely approximately 150 g [3]. Several practical guidelines to prevent FPT have been proposed for use on farms [47]. Management methods that are risk factors for FPT will also be well known [1,8,9]. However, FPT remains an important issue on dairy and beef farms. Worldwide, FPT contributes to high and increasing mortality rates of young calves [10]. Because FPT increases the risk of health disorders (mostly bovine respiratory diseases [BRD] and diarrhoea), it also contributes to antimicrobial use and, as a result, to antimicrobial resistance [11]. The consequences of FPT on health are poorly explained, and no quantitative overview is definitely available. Moreover, the total cost of FPT has never been reported. A definite overview of the consequences of FTP and an assessment of its total AZ-33 costs would be important to helping farm advisors make decisions. Because FPT is definitely associated with several disorders, actually simple economic calculations made in the farms, such as a partial budget analysis, remain difficult and time consuming. Good decision-making requires that the total cost of FPT become accurately identified, with biological and livestock system variability included in the model. The present work is designed to estimate the total costs of FPT in Western systems using a stochastic method with modified ideals as the input parameters. Such an AZ-33 economic assessment cannot be performed without a initial quantification of the modified associations between FPT and its results using the changing meanings of FPT and the co-variables from previously published models. == Materials and Methods == == Meta-analysis == A literature search and screening process were carried out using the PubMed, CAB and Google Scholar search engines to create a dataset of papers with the key words passive immunity, IgG, immunoglobulins, colostrum management, colostrum, and calf, separately or in AZ-33 combination. Additional papers referenced by at least 1 of the papers recognized in the search were also included. To be included in TCF3 the dataset, the papers must have examined the risks of various disorders (mortality, all diseases and production changes in calves with or without FPT) and have been peer-reviewed. No additional inclusion criteria were used. Exclusion criteria were (i) papers with no quantification of the risk of diseases in case of FPT, since AZ-33 they cannot included in the meta-regression, (ii) definition of PFT that did not fit with the retained one, since they cannot be included in the related co-variables (Table 1) and (iii) results that are not mortality, diarrhoea, BRD or average daily gain.